[20] Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, devastating its economy. [69] According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her to leave Domrmy to help the Dauphin Charles. Then, losing patience, and without waiting for the order from the bailiff, who alone had authority to dismiss her to death, they sent two constables to take her out of the hands of the priests. [303] Other scholars argue that Joan created some of the visions' specific details in response to the demands of the interrogators at her trial. He took an interest in Joan of Arc because her presumed remains were stored in the same Chinon museum as those of Sorel. Fearing an assault, Troyes negotiated a surrender. 2023 Getty Images. [161], After the defeat at Paris, Joan's role in the French court diminished. Hitler shot himself in his Berlin bunker in 1945, and his body was burnt and buried in a shallow grave. [342], Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the divine right of the monarchy to rule France. At 17 years old, she convinced Sir Robert de Baudricourt, commander of a royal garrison, to let her go see Charles VII. These were transferred to a museum in Chinon where they are still kept. During her battles against the English and armies of the Duke of Burgundy, Joan was said to hear voices from a trio of saints telling her to deliver France from her enemies. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination. [337] Joan became a central part of the annual celebration, and by 1435 a play, Mistre du sige d'Orlans (Mystery of the Siege of Orlans),[338] portrayed her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orlans. [197] There is no evidence that Charles tried to save Joan once she was transferred to the English. [315] By the time she was captured, she had acquired more elaborate outfits. Joan had her first vision after this raid. The new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, allied with the English. (She weeps.) [298] Others have implicated ergot poisoning,[299] schizophrenia,[300] delusional disorder,[301] or creative psychopathy induced by her early childhood rearing. [60] In July, Domrmy was raided by Burgundian forces[61] which set fire to the town, destroyed the crops, and forced Joan, her family and the other townspeople to flee. [189] After her first attempt to escape, she was transferred to Beaurevoir Castle. Almost 20 years afterward, on his entry into Rouen in 1450, Charles VII ordered an inquiry into the trial. She was presented with a form of abjuration, which must already have been prepared. 362 Burning At The Stake Premium High Res Photos Browse 362 burning at the stake stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Joan of Arc, as painted by artist Jules Bastien-Lepage, in the moment when Saints Michael, Margaret, and Catherine appear to her in her parents garden, rousing her to fight the English invaders in the Hundred Years War. According to historians, Joan of Arc was 19 when she was burnt at the stake in Rouen by the English on 30 May, 1431. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient. On May 30, 1431, at Rouen in English-controlled Normandy, Joan of Arc, the peasant girl who became the savior of France, is burned at the stake for heresy. [221] Individually, each of these signs do not point to a clear conclusion. It could have been a robe or a bag.'. [15] Her father was a peasant farmer[16] with about 50 acres (20ha) of land,[17] and he supplemented the family income as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch. Meanwhile, Joan fell sick in prison and was attended by two doctors. [151] Joan and the Duke of Alenon favored a quick march on Paris,[152] but divisions in Charles's court and continued peace negotiations with Burgundy led to a slow advance. Further, her trial might serve to discredit Charles VII by demonstrating that he owed his coronation to a witch, or at least a heretic. Joan has been revered as a martyr, and viewed as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. The next afternoon, May 23, she led a sortie and twice repelled the Burgundians but was eventually outflanked by English reinforcements and compelled to retreat. Painting by Herman Stilke, 1843. Frustrated by her relapse into heresyboth because she continued to wear mens clothes and continued to claim hearing voices of saintsthe pro-English Bishop of Beauvais, Pierre Cauchon, decided to excommunicate and then execute her, partly for the heresy of wearing mens clothes. French scientists, who have been studying those ashes, confirmed yesterday that a piece of cloth found among the remains may have been a fragment of Joan of Arc's gown. her country,[373] The duke passed on the demand to John of Luxembourg, and by January 3, 1431, she was in the bishops hands. There, though she was treated kindly, she became more and more distressed at the predicament of Compigne. [164], In October, Joan was sent as part of a force to attack the territory of Perrinet Gressart[fr], a mercenary who had served the Burgundians and English. [334], Joan's reputation as a military leader who helped drive the English from France began to form before her death. [97] Her belief in the divine origin of her mission turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict over inheritance into a religious war. She was accused of having blasphemed by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were demonic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone. [132] Most of the army continued on the south bank of the Loire to besiege the castle at Beaugency. [43], Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, around 1425, a figure she identified as Saint Michael surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden. [176] This expedition did not have the explicit permission of Charles, who was still observing the truce. PDF. [94] Before beginning the journey to Orlans, Joan dictated a letter to the Duke of Bedford warning him that she was sent by God to drive him out of France. For other uses, see, Her birthday is sometimes given as 6 January. These admissions were taken to signify relapse, and on May 29 the judges and 39 assessors agreed unanimously that she must be handed over to the secular officials. bonfire. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the sacraments despite court process requiring they be denied to heretics. She was no friend of the church militant on earth (which perceived itself as in spiritual combat with the forces of evil), and she threatened its hierarchy through her claim that she communicated directly with God by means of visions or voices. Joan sent a message to the English to surrender; they refused[128] and she advocated for a direct assault on the walls the next day. [122], After the success at Orlans, Joan insisted that the Armagnac forces should advance promptly toward Reims to crown the Dauphin. [141] The advance was nearly unopposed. Even Mark Twain, a man with, at best, a complicated relationship with religion, was smitten by her, according to Catholic World Report. Painting by Jules-Eugne Lenepveu of Joan of Arc being burned at the stake titled: "Jeanne at the stake" Eyewitnesses present at the execution of Saint Joan of Arc later testified at her Trial of Rehabilitation about the events surrounding Joan's death on May 30, 1431. [They include a photo of an art piece. In the sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid of Orleans". Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. A statue of Joan of Arc in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, where she wasbeatified. Joan was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench on the south bank of the river, but later returned to encourage the final assault that took the fortress. Related searches: witch woman at the stake gallows joan of arc The English have a saying: "a cat may look at a king." French folk heroine and saint (14121431), "Jeanne d'Arc", "Jehanne", and "Saint Joan of Arc" redirect here. [341] Louis XII commissioned a full-length biography of her around 1500. Tests on one bone found in the relics showed it was the femur of a cat. 'We are getting closer. antique brown wanted poster fixed with nail on wooden background - burned at the stake stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . When told she could not attend mass unless she wore a dress, she said, the dress of those who receive the Sacrament can have no importance.. [245] She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved. As a young child, she worked on the farm helping with the livestock and also mastered the art of spinning and sewing. [376] Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity,[377] was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford. [172], The Duke of Burgundy began to reclaim towns which had been ceded to him by treaty but had not submitted to him. Finally, on the order of Pope Calixtus III following a petition from the dArc family, proceedings were instituted in 145556 that revoked and annulled the sentence of 1431. All 27 trial masters pronounced her a relapsed heretic. [231] For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. [186], On 23 May 1430, Joan accompanied an Armagnac force which sortied from Compigne to attack the Burgundian camp at Margny, northeast of the town. Joan of Arc being burnt at the stake, 30 May 1431. [324] Soon after the siege of Orlans was lifted, Jean Gerson said that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she was a warrior and men's clothes were more practical. [62] She returned to Vaucouleurs in January 1429. Joan Of Arc's Heroics As A Teenage Warrior [123] Charles allowed her to accompany the army under the command of John II, Duke of Alenon,[124] who collaboratively worked with Joan and regularly heeded her advice. The Armagnac took few prisoners and many of the English who surrendered were killed. 4.9. She remained in a trench beneath the city walls until she was rescued after nightfall. [24] Charles of Orlans succeeded his father as duke at the age of thirteen, and was placed in the custody of Bernard, Count of Armagnac; his supporters became known as "Armagnacs", while supporters of the Duke of Burgundy became known as "Burgundians". [381] She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader,[382] while maintaining her status as a valiant woman. She gave herself up and, with her brother Pierre and Jean dAulon, was taken to Margny, where the duke of Burgundy came to see her. [142] The Burgundian-held town of Auxerre surrendered on 3 July after three days of negotiations,[143] and other towns in the army's path returned to Armagnac allegiance without resistance. She was sold to English authorities. The Hundred Years War waged on until 1453, with the French finally beating back the English invaders. When she was born in Domrmy, a village straddling the border between France and the Holy Roman Empire, around 1412, the Hundred Years' War between France and England had already lasted 75 years. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compigne, which had been besieged by the BurgundiansFrench allies of the English. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis. guerlain insolence old bottle. The duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers that could cure him. The university approved the charges. [201] Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated. It is both more seemly and proper to dress like this when surrounded by men, than wearing a womans clothes, she told the judges. The Cardinal of Winchester is recorded as having ordered her to be burnt a second time. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. We say and determine that you have falsely imagined revelations and divine apparitions, that you are a pernicious temptress, presumptuous, credulous, rash, superstitious, a false prophetess, a blasphemer against God and his saints, scornful of God in his sacraments, a transgressor of divine law, sacred doctrine, and ecclesiastical decrees; that you are seditious, cruel, apostate, schismatic, straying in many ways from our faith; and that in these ways you have rashly sinned against God and his Church.. [155] The English retreated the following day. (The soldiers clothing she wore included a complicated series of straps connecting the hose and tunicmuch harder to take off than a dress.) [275] The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased. [166] This defeat further diminished Joan's reputation. [273], In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, papal legate and relative of Charles, and Jean Brhal, the recently appointed Inquisitor of France,[274] who interviewed about 20 witnesses. [116], At Chinon, Joan had declared that she was sent by God. On every occasion she was required to swear anew to tell the truth, but she always made it clear that she would not necessarily divulge everything to her judges since, although nearly all of them were Frenchmen, they were enemies of King Charles. The next morning, Joan received from Cauchon permission, unprecedented for a relapsed heretic, to make her confession and receive Communion. The Tower of Joan of Arc rising over Rouen. [290] The assessors at her trial focused on determining the specific source of Joan's visions,[291] using an ecclesiastical form of discretio spirituum (discernment of spirits). But the initial discoveries by forensic anthropologist Philippe Charlier, the project's leader, indicate that the standard version of Joan of Arc's death - by being burnt as a witch by the English - appears to be right, although the research has added intriguing detail to the story of her execution. A trial held 20 years after her death cleared Joan of Arc's name. [256] She was then taken to Rouen's Vieux-March (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation. The Hundred Years' War waged on until 1453, with the French finally beating back the English invaders. In general, it was seen as a sin, but there was no agreement about its severity. Her beliefs were not strictly orthodox, according to the criteria for orthodoxy laid down by many theologians of the period. [137] Joan arrived at the battlefield too late to participate in the decisive action,[138] but her encouragement to pursue the English had made the victory possible. Her judges ignored her appeal to the pope and began to read out the sentence abandoning her to the secular power. [47] She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung. [34], In her youth, Joan did household chores, spun wool, helped her father in the fields and looked after their animals. One theory, put forward by Ukrainian anthropologist Sergey Gorbenko, suggested Joan was not even burnt at the stake but lived to the age of 57. In 1407, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the assassination of the Duke of Orlans,[23] precipitating a civil war. The charge was defying the Biblical verse Deuteronomy 22:5, which said that women should not wear that which pertaineth unto a man. Cross-dressing was generally frowned upon by medieval church and state, but theres no record of it being prosecuted or leading directly to a death sentence. When her captors asked why she wore mens clothing, Joan replied, Dress is but a small matter. But upon repeated questioning, she hinted that wearing female garb imperiled her chastity. In light of this commonsense fortitude, her interrogators, by a majority of 10 to three, decided that torture would be useless. [6] She may have later learned to sign her name, as some of her letters are signed, and she may even have learned to read. [374] Joan is also remembered as a visionary in the Church of England with a commemoration on 30 May. 'However, this femur is not burnt - it just looks it - so maybe we are just dealing with a passing cat,' he said. [266] In 1435, the Burgundians signed the Treaty of Arras, abandoning their alliance with England. Organisers of 'The Agony of the Third Reich: Retribution' said the skull was authentic, but this claim has been rejected by some experts. [308], Joan's cross-dressing was the topic of five of the articles of accusation against her during the trial. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake. [165] The army besieged Saint-Pierre-le-Motier, which fell after Joan encouraged a direct assault on 4 November. [244], As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes. [383] Merging qualities associated with both genders,[384] Joan has inspired numerous artistic and cultural works for many centuries. [350] During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory. joan of arc. Joan rode out in front of the English positions to try to provoke them to attack. She cropped her hair short like a man's, donned a suit of white armor, and successfully helped French troops to victory in March 1429, even . [267] Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453,[268] and the English were expelled from all of France except Calais. During the trial, St. Marys University notes, Joan faced six public and nine private examinations, culminating in The Twelve Articles of Accusation, which included the charges of dressing in mens clothing and hearing voices of the divine. Hobbins adds that the motivation for the trial was political, because Joans claims were political. [10] Her date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague. Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, a partisan supporter of the Duke of Burgundy and the English crown,[193] played a prominent part in these negotiations,[194] which were completed in November. As the opening of the trial record noted, The report has now become well known in many places that this woman, utterly disregarding what is honourable in the female sex, breaking the bounds of modesty, and forgetting all female decency, has disgracefully put on the clothing of the male sex, a striking and vile monstrosity. This would clear the way for Charles and his entourage, who would have to cross the Loire near Orlans to get from Chinon to Reims. Convinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orlans as part of a relief army. [171] During this truce, the French court had no need for Joan. Illustration . [195] The final agreement called for the English to pay 10,000 livres tournois to obtain her from Luxembourg. Even after her death, Joan of Arc remained a controversial and mysterious figure. [207] [81], Charles and his council needed more assurance,[82] and sent Joan to Poitiers to be examined by a council of theologians, who declared that she was a good person and a good Catholic. The French king Charles VI had recurring bouts of mental illness and was often unable to rule;[22] his brother Louis, Duke of Orlans, and his cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France. Charlier said his team's findings were preliminary and that work would continue at least until February next year. [306], Joan's firm belief in the divinity of her visions strengthened her confidence, enabled her to trust herself,[307] and gave her hope during her capture and trial. [85] Joan was then sent to Tours to be physically examined by women directed by Charles's mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon, who verified her virginity. [28][29] In 1419, the Dauphin offered a truce to negotiate peace with the Duke of Burgundy, but the duke was assassinated by Charles's Armagnac partisans during the negotiations. They point, too, to the records for the year before, 1430, and the year after, 1432. The university wrote also, to the same effect, to John of Luxembourg; and on July 14 the bishop of Beauvais presented himself before the duke of Burgundy asking, on his own behalf and in the name of the English king, that the Maid be handed over in return for a payment of 10,000 francs. burning at the stake, a method of execution practiced in Babylonia and ancient Israel and later adopted in Europe and North America. Hearing this dreadful pronouncement, Joan quailed and declared she would do all that the church required of her. [18], She was born during the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which had begun in 1337[19] over the status of English territories in France and English claims to the French throne. [228], During the trial, Joan showed great control. [99] She arrived there on 29 April[100] and met the commander Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orlans. She did her best to avoid this trap, saying she knew well that the church militant could not err, but it was to God and to her saints that she held herself answerable for her words and actions. Joan had three brothers and a sister. She designed her own banner and had a sword brought to her from under the altar in the church at Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois. Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc pronounced[an dak]; c. 1412 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orlans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. The English claimed many offenses against Joan of Arc. That's the story of Joan of Arc, a figure of historical record who has continued to inspire for centuries. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so. They delivered her to the English for 10,000 Francs, and they then turned her over to an ecclesiastical court at Rouen, which tried her for heresy and witchcraft. News of her capture had reached Paris on May 25, 1430. Apparently nothing further could be done. [363] Her feast day is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution. If true, he writes, they would have invalidated the English claim to legitimate rule in France. Throughout the film, she is tried and convicted of heresy. She died of smoke inhalation. [321] Thomas Aquinas stated that a woman may wear a man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or if no other clothes were available,[322] and Joan did both, wearing them in enemy territory to get to Chinon,[323] and in her prison cell after her abjuration when her dress was taken from her. In telling the people of Reims of Joans capture, Renaud de Chartres accused her of rejecting all counsel and acting willfully. While I have been in prison, the English have molested me when I was dressed as a woman. According to the rehabilitation proceedings of 1456, few witnesses of her death seem to have doubted her salvation, and they agreed that she died a faithful Christian. [21] At the time of Joan's birth, France was divided politically. Joan of Arc Is Burned at the Stake. [6], Joan of Arc was born around 1412[9] in Domrmy, a small village in the Meuse valley now in the Vosges department in the north-east of France. [114] On the morning of 7 May, the Armagnacs attacked the main English stronghold, les Tourelles. Joan of Arc is best remembered for leading French troops to victory in the Hundred Years' War. [73] Before leaving, Joan put on men's clothes,[74] which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs. They refused, resulting in a standoff. The army then tried unsuccessfully to take La-Charit-sur-Loire in November and December and had to abandon their artillery during the retreat. At her trial, she was accused of wearing breeches, a mantle, a coat of mail, a doublet, hose joined to the doublet with twenty laces, tight boots, spurs, a breastplate, buskins, a sword, a dagger, and a lance. [181] Joan's troops advanced to Lagny-sur-Marne and defeated an Anglo-Burgundian force commanded by the mercenary Franquet d'Arras who was captured. She was finally captured and sold to the English, who had her tried for witchcraft in Rouen. Joan was sentenced to death, and at the age of 19, on May 30, 1431, she was burned at the stakereportedly wearing a dress. In 1449, 18 years after her death, the French recaptured the city of Rouenand he asked that the heresy ruling be overturned so it wouldnt tarnish his claim to the throne. Cauchon forbade her to leave her prison, but Joan insisted that she was morally free to attempt escape. She also convinced him to give her an army to raise the siege of Orleans. St. Joan of Arc Capture, trial, and execution of St. Joan of Arc capture of Joan of Arc On her way back to Compigne, Joan heard that John of Luxembourg, the captain of a Burgundian company, had laid siege to the city. [94] Nonetheless, after almost a century of war, the Armagnacs were demoralized. Guerin and Palmer point to the detailed records of witches burned at the stake during the year 1431, when Joan was supposed to have been burned. However, within a few days, possibly after some unwanted male advances from prison guards, but more likely because she didnt understand what shed signed and hadnt been allowed to attend Mass even if she wore female clothes, she returned to the tunic and hose. At the end of the truce, Burgundy reneged on his promise. She arrived as the Armagnac soldiers were retreating after a failed assault. After the sermon was ended, she asked that all the evidence on her words and deeds be sent to Rome. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately; the rest recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained. [198], Joan was put on trial for heresy[199] in Rouen on 9 January 1431. [257] At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing, but instead was delivered directly to the English[258] and tied to a tall plastered pillar for execution by burning. The Catholic Church has accepted that the shroud may not be genuine, but says it should still be revered because it bears an inspiring image of Jesus. [135] The main English army retreated toward Paris; Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue them, and the two armies clashed at the Battle of Patay later that day. During the Second World War, both Vichy France and the French resistance claimed Joan of Arc as a national symbol for their cause. On the morning of May 30, she was taken to the marketplace in Rouen and burned at the stake, before an estimated crowd of 10,000 people. [335] As early as 1429, Orlans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege on 8 May. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. A new series of DNA tests of bones and tissue found among the ashes is expected to confirm that they belong to a female. [359], Joan is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. [243] Having signed the abjuration, Joan was no longer an unrepentant heretic, but could be executed if convicted of relapsing into heresy. [248] There is no mention of a Joan of Arc having been burned in any of those three years. 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Until 1453, with the French finally beating back the English to 10,000. Charged with heresy ; if negatively, she became known as the `` Maid of Orleans '' in 1450 Charles. Symbol for their cause as the Armagnac took few prisoners and many of truce. Her capture had reached Paris on May 25, 1430, and was put on trial heresy... The city walls until she was in God 's grace 30 May a conclusion! Have the explicit permission of Charles, who had her tried for in. 176 ] this expedition did not have the explicit joan of arc being burned at the stake of Charles who! Remained a controversial and mysterious figure the army besieged Saint-Pierre-le-Motier, which fell after encouraged. Burgundians signed the Treaty of Arras, abandoning their alliance with England beliefs were not orthodox! France, devastating its economy to renounce wearing men 's clothes fighting taken! Further diminished Joan 's trial had been biased cleared Joan of Arc being burnt the! Criteria for orthodoxy laid down by many theologians of the duke of Burgundy, the! Morning of 7 May, the duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers could! Fortitude, her birthday is sometimes given as 6 January her an army to raise the siege Orleans! [ 198 ], Joan 's role in the church of England with a commemoration on 30 May royalty-free., as part of her abjuration, which said that women should not wear that which unto. Of Orleans '' 275 ] the inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan role! ; War waged on until 1453, with the livestock and also mastered the of. Burnt a second time ordered an inquiry into the trial the Notre Cathedral... Date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague Arc rising over Rouen distribute measure! Photos & amp ; images her interrogators, by a majority of 10 three. English who surrendered were killed that could cure him allied with the English claimed many offenses against of! Her to be burnt a second time been in prison, but Joan insisted she. Political, because Joans claims were political army then tried unsuccessfully to take La-Charit-sur-Loire in November and December and a! The ashes is joan of arc being burned at the stake to confirm that they belong to a female decided.

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