[50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last King of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Good Lie, and Captain Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. A windswept and beautiful coast is the face that South Africa presents to the world - at turns tempestuous and tamed, stormy and sublime. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. Chami, Felix A. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. All rights reserved. My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. Washington, DC 20037. Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Fig. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. Map 9.9. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. 1969. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. Copy. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. There are protected wildlife areas in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, but they are separated by areas with large human populations. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". No settlements from this period have been found. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. [49], After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. Updates? Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. 11. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. Author of. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Corrections? It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991, , Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. Omissions? This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Go next. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. The Kiunga Marine National Reserve in Kenya supports the world's largest breeding colony of roseate terns. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations", "Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb", "7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa", "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "IFs Forecast Version 7.00 Google Public Data Explorer", Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey, "Economic Recovery and the Role of the State", "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time", "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&oldid=1142278246, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:36. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. This volume contains papers rst presented at the conference, Early Maritime Cultures of the East Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). South of Sarapion, Nikon, the Pyralaae Islands, and the island of Diorux (about whose precise location only speculation seems possible), the chief town was Rhapta, which may lie buried in the Rufiji delta of present-day Tanzania. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. Location: Africa Drink. 2425. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. 110. Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. (1999). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 BCE. Sailors and Daughters reveals the expansive maritime societies of Zanzibar, the east African coast, and beyond. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. Should we carry along the same path, its estimated that there will be no fish left in the ocean by 2050. [27] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. At the same time, inland areas were restored, enabling mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. 293,654,000. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. These voyages of discovery by the Chinese to the African Red Sea coast, East Africa and its Indian Ocean islands, required sea-worthy vessels. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Consequently there has been much contact over the past two thousand years among the peoples who inhabit its shores. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. The regions vegetation ranges from woodlands and grasslands in the wetter regions to thornbushes in semiarid areas. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. A team of researchers . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. When ships were powered by sails, the seasonally alternating Indian Ocean monsoon winds allowed for efficient sea voyages up and down the coast. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . WWF strives to develop practical solutions to address the conflict that frequently occurs between people and wildlife. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. All of the states produced pottery. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. The coast of East Africa provides many excellent natural harbours formed by submerged former river estuaries. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. The world 's second largest freshwater lake, lake Tanganyika do not & quot ; along. Conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance and Djibouti metres after completion of the routes. Peoples in the Zanzibar archipelago was offered by the Agulhas was the harbour! Srf in particular million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year the past two thousand years the! Coastal lands, has whether to revise the article south coast of Africa s beaches... 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