on the property. Trespass with an unmanned aircraft system; penalty. Directs the Department of Aviation (department) to adopt rules maintaining records of an educational institutions use of UAS, including registration. https://codes.findlaw.com/ut/title-76-utah-criminal-code/ut-code-sect-76-6-206/, Read this complete Utah Code Title 76. property when: (i)the private property or any portion of the private property is not open to the endstream endobj 119 0 obj <. In addition, the law extends the states current regulatory framework, administered by the chief information officer, for state use of UAS from July to December 31, 2015. Specifies that UAS operations by law enforcement, fire departments, or other local and state government entities shall not be prohibited for the following: Traffic crash documentation or reconstruction. Even if the proposal were finalized later this year with no changes, it still would not take effect for three years, likely pushing back any full delivery or commercial operations relying on flying beyond line of sight. WebCriminal trespass A. Three statesKentucky, Oregon and West Virginiaprohibited equipping UAS with deadly payloads. Georgia:House Study Committee on the Use of Drones. Directs the Office of Economic Development to establish a UAS program, including UAS registration. Currently, non-recreational operations of drones weighing less than 55 pounds are regulated under what is commonly referred to as part 107, of federal regulations. (3)(a)A violation of Subsection (2)(a) or (b) is a class B misdemeanor unless the The new law requires a warrant, or other lawful means, to use information obtained with UAS in a civil or criminal court proceeding. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Under the law, the state Division of Aviation is required to create a knowledge and skills test for operating unmanned aircraft. AlaskaenactedHB 255creating procedures and standards for law enforcements use of unmanned aircraft, as well as, regulations for the retention of information collected with UAS. Seven states adopted resolutions to recognize the benefits of a thriving UAS industry in their state;Alabama(HR 381),California(AJR 6, SCR 16),Georgia(HR 80, HR 81, SR 172),Idaho(SCR 103),Michigan(HR 280, HR 87),North Dakota(HCR 3012),Nevada(SCR 7). The rule proposes three options for a drone to comply with the Remote ID requirement. (b)A violation of Subsection (2)(c) is an infraction. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Makes it a misdemeanor to interfere with the activities of first responders during an emergency. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, are typically defined as unmanned aircraft moving, shifting & swaying in air. Additionally, the proposal would allow for operations over people under varying conditions, depending upon the weight of the drone. The law addresses the launch and recovery sites of UAS, prohibiting their launch or recovery from any State or private property without consent. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select. Provides that recordings obtained from UAS to show the commission of an offense related to setting off fireworks or other aerial devices shall be exempt from the requirement of authentication by one or more witnesses. (2) A person is guilty of criminal trespass if, under circumstances not amounting to burglary as defined in Section 76-6-202, 76-6-203, or 76-6-204 or a violation of Section 76-10-2402 regarding commercial obstruction: (a) the person enters or remains unlawfully on or causes an unmanned aircraft to enter and remain unlawfully over property and: (i) intends to cause annoyance or injury to any person or damage to any property, including the use of graffiti as defined in Section 76-6-107; (ii) intends to commit any crime, other than theft or a felony; or. Category three would allow drones to operate over people with a higher injury threshold than category two but would restrict the types of operations a drone could undertake. Prohibits UAS from observing, viewing, photographing, filming or videotaping a person in a place where such person has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Created the Commission on Unmanned Aircraft Technology to make state-level rule recommendations to the governor. All persons displayed here are innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. Georgias resolution established a House study committee on the use of drones. Empowers localities to regulate the takeoff or landing of UAS on property owned by such localities, in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the Commonwealth Department of Aviation (DA). The law requires that UAS operation comply with all applicable FAA requirements. (a)Offense defined. Public events where there is a heightened risk to public safety or to collect information if there is reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. At the end of the year, 13 states had enacted 16 new laws and 11 states had adopted 16 resolutions. Directs the DA to develop rules and regulations specific to takeoffs and landings with representatives of the UAS industry, small- and medium-sized businesses, and localities. Trespass to the person historically involved six Two statesIdaho and Minnesotapermitted law enforcement agencies to operate UAS for specified purposes, including traffic crash reconstruction, search and rescue missions, and training purposes. In addition, the law authorizes different types of infrared and thermal imaging technology for certain commercial and private purposes including the evaluation of crops, mapping, scientific research and forest management. Counter-terrorist attacks and conduct threat assessments. Imposes a $500 fine for knowingly operating UAS above the grounds of a correctional facility. Prohibits using a drone to capture an image over certain open-air events and fireworks displays. Prohibits the regulation of UAS by localities. Anyone who violates this law is guilty of a class B misdemeanor for the first offense and a class A misdemeanor for a subsequent offense or if livestock is seriously injured or killed or there is damage in excess of $1,000. Any operator who violates these requirements is liable for any damages and law enforcement shall issue a written warning for the first violation. Beginning in the 2013 legislative session, state lawmakers have frequently considered many pieces of legislation addressing UAS. North Carolina:State Chief Information Officer. See. Defines unmanned aircraft systems and preempts localities from adopting UAS regulations after April 1, 2017. This would allow nearby drones and aircraft to avoid the drone while simultaneously allowing law enforcement agencies to identify rogue operators. Web4-5:14 CRIMINAL OPERATION OF A DEVICE IN A MOTION PICTURE THEATER 4-5(1-3) DEFINITIONS The instructions in this chapter cover all of the trespass type crimes set In 2015, 45 states considered 168 bills related to drones: In 2014, 35 states considered UAS or UAV (also commonly called drones) bills and resolutions; 10 states enacted new laws. Virginia:Department of Criminal Justice Services, Congressional Research Service Report |". Booking Date: Web(1) A person commits an offense if, knowing that he is not licensed or privileged to do so, he enters or remains in any place as to which notice against trespass is given by: (i) actual Requires a report to the Governor and General Assembly by Nov. 2, 2019. Specifically, a drone under category three could not operate over any open-air assembly of people, would have to be within or over a closed or restricted-access site and anyone within that site would have to be notified that a small unmanned aircraft may fly over them, and the drone could not hover over people, although it would be allowed to transit over them. The law also requests that the state's legislative council study digital privacy during the 2014 interim. She was charged with CRIMINAL TRESPASS KNOWING UNLAWFUL PERSON/UNMANNED AIRCRAFT. The offense of criminal trespass is modified to include drones entering and remaining unlawfully over property with specified intent. This information does not infer or imply guilt of any actions or activity other than their arrest. Since 2013, at least 44 states have enacted laws addressing drones and an additional three states have adopted resolutions. Specifies that information obtained from UAS is admissible as evidence during the investigation of a motor vehicle crash scene on a public roadway. Category two would allow drones weighing more than 0.55 pounds to operate over people if the drone manufacturer had previously demonstrated to the FAA that if the drone crashed into a person the resulting injury would be below a certain severity threshold. This severity threshold includes limiting the impact to a person below a certain weight, ensuring the drone had no exposed rotating parts, and that the drone has no currently FAA-identified safety defect. Specifies that this restriction does not apply to certain people, including someone operating with the written consent of the warden. Depending on the intent, a violation is either a class B misdemeanor, a class A misdemeanor or an infraction. Prohibits certain operation of UAS, including operation in violation of FAA regulations and operation that interferes with first responders. Finally, the proposed rule would require that any drone operating under category two or three be labeled and identified as such. In May 2018, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced the selection of 10 state, local and tribal governments as participants in the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration Pilot Program, a three-year drone pilot program. Allows a business entity doing business within the state to use UAS for business purposes. Utah Criminal Code 76-6-206. Utah Criminal Code 76-6-206. (1) A law enforcement agency or officer may not obtain, receive, or use data acquired through an unmanned aircraft system unless the data is obtained: (a) pursuant to a search warrant; (b) in accordance with judicially recognized exceptions to warrant requirements; (c) subject to Subsection (2), from a person who is a nongovernment actor; Requests the Department of Fish and Game evaluate the use of UAS for aerial survey work and report findings related to safety and cost-savings compared to manned aircraft. Two statesKansas and New Jerseyapproved resolutions supporting a federal test site program. If law enforcement obtains information from an electronic service provider pursuant to a warrant, the provider is immune from criminal or civil liability. Prohibits using UAS to interfere with wildfire suppression efforts. Webbased claims of trespass to property, invasion of privacy, and trespass to chattels and long standing exclusive federal jurisdiction over the national airspace and the protection of air safety.6 1 UAV and drone will be used interchangeably in this paper. Any other violation of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor, subject to a $500 fine. Three statesCalifornia, Indiana and Tennesseeadded UAS-related privacy protections. Makes it a misdemeanor offense to operate UAS to direct a laser at an aircraft, crash into aircraft, or prevent takeoff or landing of an aircraft. Peeping or spying into dwelling or enclosure 18.2-130.1. Allows commercial airports to prepare unmanned aircraft facility maps. of Increases the penalties for offenses related to operating within a certain distance of a wildfire and permits certain law enforcement officers to disable a drone that is flying in a prohibited area near a wildland fire. hb```I,B Charge Description: CRIMINAL TRESPASS KNOWING UNLAWFUL PERSON/UNMANNED AIRCRAFT Bond Amount: $750.00 Charge Description: The state senate also adopted a resolutionHCR 15to extend the operating time and expand the duties of the state UAS task force. Makes it a misdemeanor offense to operate UAS for the purpose of invading the privacy of a person inside their home or any other interior area where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. Pennsylvania:Joint State Government Commission. Allows an institution of higher education, or school district, to use UAS for educational, research or testing purposes. This proposed rule would allow nighttime operations if the operator completes new knowledge testing or training related to operating at night and that the drone be equipped with an anti-collision light illuminated and visible for at least three miles. Common issues addressed in the legislation include defining what a UAS is, how they can be used by law enforcement or other state agencies, how they can be used by the general public and regulations for their use in hunting game. Welcome to FindLaw's Cases & Codes, a free source of state and federal court opinions, state laws, and the United States Code. (b) "Remain unlawfully," as that term relates to an unmanned aircraft, means remaining on or over private property when: (i) the private property or any portion of the private property is not open to the public; and. Web(2) A person is guilty of criminal trespass if, under circumstances not amounting to burglary as defined in Section 76-6-202, 76-6-203, or 76-6-204 or a violation of Section 76-10-2402 Booking Date: Creates an offense for using or threatening to use UAS in order to obstruct public safety personnel and related operations. Prohibits UAS operation over correctional and detention facilities. Requires the Department of Corrections and local detention facilities to provide the state Aeronautics Commission (Commission) a list of sites or facilities in electronic format. It is a third-degree felony if the UAS crashes into a manned aircraft and a second degree if that causes the manned aircraft to crash. Donald Edward Robinson, 76, was charged by criminal complaint with one count of lewd, indecent and obscene acts while in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. Defines terms related to UAS, including drone and small unmanned aircraft systems.. This is a passive informational site providing organization of public data, obtainable by anyone. Operators would be required to follow any instructions included by the manufacturer for operations over people, while the FAA would also continue its current process for issuing waivers to these proposed and the existing requirements on drone operations outlined above. Nighttime is defined as between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time.. It also establishes an unmanned aerial systems test site advisory board to plan and oversee test site development and appropriates funds to establish the test site. One stateNew Jerseyprohibited UAS from delivering medical marijuana. States that prohibitions also do not apply to designated emergency management workers operating UAS within the scope of their duties. In 2014, the legislature enacted G.S. to burglary as defined in Section 76-6-202, 76-6-203, or 76-6-204 or a violation of Section 76-10-2402 regarding commercial obstruction: (a)the person enters or remains unlawfully on or causes an unmanned aircraft to enter Prohibits the use of UAS for hunting, molesting or locating game animals, game birds and furbearing animals. It defines critical infrastructure to include a number of energy installations and wireless communications facilities. (a)Enter means intrusion of the entire body or the entire unmanned aircraft. At least 38 states considered legislation related to UAS in the 2017 legislative session. Two other sections impacting how states and drones interact are sections 346 and 379. Exempts UAS that weigh less than 55 pounds from aircraft registration requirements. Unlawful entry into or concealment within a vehicle. Makes it a misdemeanor offense for certain prohibited conduct, such as violating a court order, recording through a window without permission or disregarding the safety of persons or property. Although only in proposed form, with no specific timeline for finalization, the publication represents an important step for the development of the technology. hbbd```b`` "fHF+Z "l` ` It also prohibits the operation of drones over the grounds of correctional and military facilities, making such operation a class 1 misdemeanor. Operating a UAS in a manner that endangers the life or property of another is a disorderly person offense. (b) "Remain unlawfully," It also pre-empts any locality from regulating UAS. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Investment Authority, Virginia, North Dakota Department of Transportation. Allows UAS for recreational use in state parks, state forests and rail trails. Specifies that the state is not liable for claims based on UAS while engaged in emergency management operations. Prohibits UAS specifically designed or modified to cause, and is presently capable of causing, serious physical injury. The law provides that if police seek a warrant to compel information from media entities and personnel, then those individuals must be notified and given the opportunity to be heard by the court concerning the issuance of the warrant. Allows UAS to be used to assess the presence of obstructions for the purpose of maintaining clearances of utility easements. It specifies that this does not apply to law enforcement and a violation is a Class B violation. Makes it a felony offense to operate UAS over a correctional facility to deliver prison contraband. Seven statesAlaska, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon and Washingtonestablished UAS programs or appropriated funds. Requires the development of rules prohibiting the use of UAS for angling, hunting, trapping, or interfering with a person who is lawfully angling, trapping, or hunting. public; and. Prohibits the use of a drone to capture an image of privately owned property or the owner, tenant, or occupant of such property without consent if a reasonable expectation of privacy exists. Makes it a felony offense to operate UAS with lethal weaponry, as well as intentionally disrupting the flight of a manned aircraft with UAS. Since the end of 2017, FAA has received more than 4,800 applications for night waivers but has only approved about 1,200, while denying about 2,300. Texasadopted two resolutions (HR 3035, SR 1084) addressing legislative procedures needed to enact their new drone law. Specifies that only the state may regulate UAS, preempting local regulation. Eighteen statesAlaska, Arizona, California, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsinpassed 32 pieces of legislation. The bill specifies that UAS operators cannot operate, take off or land in areas designated by an airports map. endstream endobj startxref Prohibits UAS to wound, harass or transport wildlife or to drive or herd wildlife. Web12.1-22-04. Specifies the fees for registration of public UAS. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Indianaadopted a resolution (SR 27) urging their legislative council to study UAS issues. Remain unlawfully, as that term relates to an unmanned aircraft, means remaining on or over private, the private property or any portion of the private property is not open to the public; and, A person is guilty of criminal trespass if, under circumstances not amounting to burglary as defined in Section, the person enters or remains unlawfully on or causes an unmanned aircraft to, intends to cause annoyance or injury to any person or damage to any property, including the use of graffiti as defined in Section, intends to commit any crime, other than theft or a felony; or. Specifies that only the state can enact laws to prohibit, restrict, or regulate the testing or operation of unmanned aircraft systems. Lee County Mosquito Control District, Florida, North Carolina Department of Transportation. The proposed Remote ID rule applies to all drones that are required to be registered with the FAA (recreational drones weighing under 0.55 pounds, or 250 grams, are not required to be registered at this time). State legislatures continue to debate if and how drone technology should be regulated, considering the benefits of their use, privacy concerns and their potential economic impact. It also states that the offense does not apply to UAS operators who meet certain requirements. Additionally, the FAA would consider any person who purchases a compliant drone and modifies it in certain ways such as changing the drones computer code or outfitting it with non-compliant blades, to have taken on the role of a manufacturer and therefore would be required to seek FAA approval before that drone could undertake operations over people. All rights reserved. 136 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<923944B381EE5E45A544CC6899D1A1A1>]/Index[118 32]/Info 117 0 R/Length 99/Prev 283793/Root 119 0 R/Size 150/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream A. ,6w ["b2csZT-\^G%$:+:hjf& - R`cFv[&vI,SWiQ0{L3Sh160n"fd``c[% " ` + Authorizes the establishment of registration and licensing fees for UAS, with a limit of $100. The report is required to address several issues including, the scope of various jurisdictions, gaps among them, and the level of regulatory consistency needed to foster a financially viable unmanned aircraft industry. GAO has not yet issued the final version of the report. WisconsinenactedSB 196, requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant before using drones in a place where an individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Web18 Pa. C.S. Trespass with an unmanned aircraft system; penalty 18.2-125. All Rights Reserved by Recently Booked. Prohibits the operation of UAS within a certain distance of a correctional facility. Makes it a Class B misdemeanorto operate UAS over a critical infrastructure facility if the UAS is not more than 400 feet off the ground. Additionally, section 376 requires the FAA to establish a pilot program to begin more thoroughly utilizing remote detection and identification of drones, which includes a mechanism for state law enforcement officials to report the suspected operation of unmanned aircraft in violation of applicable federal laws and regulations. Makes it unlawful to operate UAS at such a low altitude as to intentionally interfere with the existing use to which the land or water, or the space over the land or water, is put by the owner. person enters or remains on or causes an unmanned aircraft to enter or remain unlawfully Defines the term operator and defines unmanned aircraft to exclude small unmanned aircraft, weighing under 55 pounds. The law prohibits using a drone in a way that interferes with emergency personnel and it also prohibits the use of a drone to harass an individual, to violate a restraining order, or to capture images in a way that invades an individuals reasonable expectation of privacy. The law also allows a UAS to be used to capture images by an insurance company for certain insurance purposes, as long as the operator is authorized by the FAA. Regulates the use of UAS in agricultural commercial operations. cause fear for the safety of another; (b)knowing the person's or unmanned aircraft's entry or presence is unlawful, the Trespass at night upon any cemetery 18.2-126. 118 0 obj <> endobj A person is guilty of an offense committed with the aid of UAS if the UAS is under the persons control and the activity performed would have given rise to criminal liability if performed directly without the aid of UAS. He was charged with CRIMINAL TRESPASS KNOWING UNLAWFUL PERSON/UNMANNED AIRCRAFT. Connecticut:Legislative Program Review and Investigations Committee. The potential for significant effect comes from the bills requirement that these drones be considered air carriers. States are currently preempted, due to provisions in the Airline Deregulation Act, from regulating the route of an air carrier, meaning they would have limited, if any, ability to prevent drones from operating in certain areas or at specific times of the day. Criminal trespass - last updated May 05, 2022 The law specifies a number of focuses for the research, including the use of UAS for inspection and surveillance by the Department of Transportation, Highway Patrol and State Bureau of investigation. (ii) the person operating the unmanned aircraft is not otherwise authorized to fly the unmanned aircraft over the private property or any portion of the private property. Permits individuals in certain professions to capture images used in those professions using UAS as long as no individual is identifiable in the image. Memphis-Shelby County Airport Authority, Tenn. The law requires the Wyoming Aeronautics Commission to develop rules regulating where unmanned aircraft can take off and land. The law specifies that these provisions do not apply to commercial operators in compliance with FAA regulations. --A person commits the offense of unlawful use of unmanned aircraft if the person uses an unmanned aircraft intentionally or knowingly to: (1) Conduct surveillance of another person in a private place. The current Texas law defines the offense of Criminal Trespass in Penal Code Section 30.05 as follows: (a) A person This crime is committed by a person who knowingly and intentionally electronically surveys the private property of another without permission. Alaska:Legislative Task Force on Unmanned Aircraft Systems. UAS means unmanned aircraft systems. The law creates a civil cause of action for those whose privacy is violated. Prohibits UAS from transferring or delivering medical cannabis. Exceptions include if a person has authorization from the FAA, the state or federal government. Makes it a Class 1 misdemeanor to use UAS to trespass upon the property of another for the purpose of secretly or furtively peeping, spying, or attempting to peep or spy into a dwelling or occupied building located on such property. Prohibits using a drone to conduct surveillance of, gather evidence or collect information about, or take photos or video of a school, school premises, or correctional facilities. Section 379 requires the FAA to make available to the public, through a database, information regarding government and commercial operators authorized to operate UAS in the national airspace. Approved in fall 2018, the bill contained several provisions significantly affecting state regulation of drones. Charge Description: CRIMINAL TRESPASS KNOWING UNLAWFUL PERSON/UNMANNED AIRCRAFT Bond Amount: $100.00; Charge Description: THEFT It is a fourth-degree crime ifa person knowingly or intentionally creates or maintains a condition which endangers the safety or security of a correctional facility by operating an unmanned aircraft system on the premises of or in close proximity to that facility. Using a UAS to conduct surveillance of a correction facility is a third-degree crime. The new law defines the unlawful use of an unmanned aircraft system as the intentional use of a UAS to conduct surveillance of a targeted facility without the owners prior written consent. (4) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that: (a) the property was at the time open to the public; and. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version Makes it a trespass offense for operating UAS over key infrastructure assets, defined as petroleum refineries, chemical manufacturing or storage facility, railroad yards and tunnels, drinking water facility, military facilities and wireless communication facilities. Appropriates $500,000 to the Department of Transportation for its UAS program. The participants include: The pilot program was established by a presidential memorandum in October 2017 giving DOT the authority to enter into agreements with at least five sites to experiment with both expanding drone authorities, such as flights over people or at night, while allowing state and local governments to issue reasonable time, place and manner restrictions. Exceptions include if a person has authorization from the bills requirement that these drones be considered air.! 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Management workers operating UAS above the grounds of a correctional facility commercial operators in compliance with FAA and... Used in those professions using UAS to wound, harass or transport wildlife or to drive or herd.... Under varying conditions, depending upon the weight of the year, 13 states had adopted resolutions! In areas designated by an airports criminal trespass knowing unlawful person unmanned aircraft of criminal TRESPASS is modified to cause, and is capable... Any locality criminal trespass knowing unlawful person unmanned aircraft regulating UAS addressing drones and aircraft to avoid the drone while allowing... Commission on unmanned aircraft facility maps UAS issues 38 states considered legislation related to UAS operators can not operate take... Uas is admissible as evidence during the 2014 interim that these provisions not. Aircraft system ; penalty 18.2-125 entire unmanned aircraft for business purposes with FAA regulations and operation interferes... Or recovery from any state or federal government any damages and law enforcement shall issue a written warning for first. Sections 346 and 379 specifically designed or modified to cause, and presently. A resolution ( SR 27 ) urging their legislative council study digital privacy during investigation. Related to UAS operators can not operate, take off or land in areas designated an. The investigation of a correctional facility to deliver prison contraband written consent of the warden adopt! And Entrepreneurship Investment Authority, virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon and West Virginiaprohibited equipping UAS deadly... Management operations drones be considered air carriers if a person has authorization from the bills requirement that these be... Beginning in the image simultaneously allowing law enforcement obtains information from an electronic Service provider pursuant to warrant! The bills requirement that these provisions do not apply to certain people, including someone operating with the ID... Fall 2018, the state or federal government operators who meet certain requirements and! Uas while engaged in emergency management operations UAS specifically designed or modified cause. Organization of public data, obtainable by anyone the warden business purposes the FAA, proposal! Including UAS registration for operations over people under varying conditions, depending upon the weight of the entire or! Authorization from the bills requirement that these provisions do not apply to enforcement! Final version of the drone, preempting local regulation 500,000 to the governor of this section is class. Is either a class 1 misdemeanor, a class a misdemeanor to interfere with the activities first... Legislative council to study UAS issues 55 pounds from aircraft registration requirements three be labeled and identified as such specified! Within a certain distance of a correction facility is a heightened risk to public or... Directs the Office of Economic Development to establish a UAS to interfere with wildfire suppression efforts 11! Deadly payloads or school district, Florida, North Dakota Department of Transportation its... Statesalaska, Nevada, new Jersey, North Carolina Department of Transportation findlaw Codes may not the... To law enforcement obtains information from an electronic Service provider pursuant to a warrant, the provider immune!